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ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic action and mechanism of intrathecal 2R， 6R-hydroxynorketamine （2R， 6R-HNK） on spared nerve injury （SNI）-induced chronic neuropathic pain （CNP） in female mice. MethodsSNI was used to establish acute and chronic CNP models in female mice. The mice were randomly divided into different groups with administration of vehicle， 2R， 6R-HNK or S-ketamine （10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection/i.p. or 7， 21 μmol/L intrathecal injection/i.t.） at 3 weeks after or 30 min/1 d before operation （n = 3 - 7 mice/group）. The curative or preventive effect of 2R， 6R-HNK was evaluated by mechanical paw withdrawal threshold （PWT） and the analgesic efficiency. Finally， immunofluorescence and RT-PCR of dorsal root ganglion （DRG） and spinal dorsal horn （SDH） were used to explore the possible mechanisms. ResultsCompared with vehicle， intrathecal injection of 2R， 6R-HNK largely reversed SNI-induced bilateral mechanical allodynia in a delayed-and-dose-dependent way. Among them， 21 μmol/L 2R， 6R-HNK reached its maximum analgesic efficiency （75.32±7.69） % at 2 d. Pre-intrathecal delivery of 2R， 6R-HNK also delayed the development of bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity 2 - 3 d induced by SNI. Mechanically， 2R， 6R-HNK reversed not only the abnormal excitability of neurons in bilateral DRG and superficial SDH， but also the upregulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） and brain-derived nerve growth factor （BDNF） in DRG. ConclusionIntrathecal administration of 2R， 6R-HNK exerts an analgesic effect against CNP， probably via suppressing abnormal neuronal excitability in ascending pain pathway as well as down-regulating CGRP and BDNF expression in DRG neurons.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of propofol on proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in mice and the role of specificity protein-1 (Sp-1)-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway.Methods:Primary NSCs harvested from both the cortices and hippocampus of C57BL/6 mouse embryos were identified by immunofluorescent staining of Nestin.NSCs at passages 3-6 were divided into 3 groups ( n=21 each) using a random number table method: normal saline control group (C group), propofol group (P group) and propofol plus Sp1 inhibitor plicamycin group (PP group). Propofol at a final concentration of 10 μmol/L was added in group P. Propofol at a final concentration of 10 μmol/L and plicamycin at a final concentration of 100 nmol/L were added in group PP.The equal volume of normal saline was added in group C. The medium was replaced after 6 h of incubation and the cells were continuously incubated.The proliferation of NSCs was assessed by direct cell counting at 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after the end of treatment with drugs.At 6 h after the end of treatment with drugs, the expression of Sp1 and EGFR mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of Sp1, Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) by Western blot. Results:Compared with group C, the count of NSCs was significantly increased at 48, 60 and 72 h after treatment with drugs, and the expression of EGFR mRNA, Sp1 protein and mRNA and p-Akt was up-regulated in group P ( P<0.05 or 0.01), and no significant change was found in each parameter in group PP ( P>0.05). Compared with group P, the count of NSCs was significantly decreased at 48 and 60 h after treatment with drugs, and the expression of EGFR protein and mRNA and p-Akt was down-regulated in group PP ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusions:Propofol can promote the proliferation of NSCs, and the mechanism may be related to activation of Sp1-EGFR-Akt signaling pathway in mice.
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【Objective】 To investigate the quality changes of suspended red blood cells (SRBCs) prepared from the blood of Tibetan high Hb population, and explore the availability and safety of blood collected from Tibetan high Hb population. 【Methods】 The voluntary blood donors were grouped according to the Hb concentration at the initial screening: female blood donors from Tibet Autonomous Region (>3 500 m) with Hb≥190 g/L and male blood donors with Hb≥210 g/L were classified as plateau high hemoglobin group. A total of 13 male blood donors from Tibet Autonomous Region were recruited. And the female blood donors (n=13) with Hb(115~165) g/L and male blood donors (n=12) with Hb(120~185) g/L from Chengdu were classified as control group. Whole blood of 200 mL specification was centrifuged to remove the plasma, and MAP additive solution was added to prepare SRBCs, then SRBCs were divided into four aliquots (50 mL/bag and stored at 4℃. Parameters as blood routine, free Hb and hemolysis rate were measured aseptically at day 1, 14, 21, 35 of storage. And 10 mL SRBCs was used to extract membrane proteins for tyrosine phosphorylation detection of band 3 protein. 【Results】 The RBCs counts(×1012/L), hematocrit(%) and hemoglobin(g/L) of Tibetan high Hb group and control group were 6.76±0.95 vs 4.65±0.52, 63.3±6.8 vs 43.1±4.4 and 214.4±19.8 vs 143.2±16.9 (P<0.01). The erythrocyte deformability test on the day 1, 14, 21, 35 of storage showed that the deformability of SRBCs prepared from Tibetan high Hb group was significantly lower than that of the control group under shear stress of 3, 5.33, 9.49, 16.87, and 30 Pa, while the hemolysis rate of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group and the control group on the day 1, 14, 21, 35 were 0.050 2±0.040 2 vs 0.022 2±0.011 1, 0.055 4±0.043 vs 0.032 1±0.028 7, 0.061 2±0.025 9 vs 0.034 3±0.031 7 and 0.069 6±0.032 0 vs 0.044 0±0.033 3 (P<0.05). Western blotting showed that the cytoplasmic N-terminal Y21 of band 3 protein of SRBCs prepared from Tibetan high Hb group was highly phosphorylated. 【Conclusion】 The deformability of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group was significantly lower while the hemolysis rate of SRBCs was higher than that of the control group. The hemolysis rate of the SRBCs at the end of storage prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group meets the requirements of the national standard GB18469-2012(<0.8%). The increase of hemolysis rate of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group was closely related to the phosphorylation of band 3 protein.
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Objective:To analyze the immune response in mice after immunization with vaccine of rAd5F35-SIVenvT in combination with rMVA-SIVenvT to evaluate the efficacy of different immunization strategies.Methods:Two recombinant viruses were identified in vitro by PCR and Western blot. The BALB/c mice were immunized with homologous and heterologous immune strategies. The numbers of splenic lymphocytes secreting IFN-γ were measured by ELISPOT assay, meanwhile SIV gp120 antibody titer were measured by ELISA assay. Results:SIVenvT protein was expressed effectively by rAd5F35-SIVenvT and rMVA-SIVenvT in HEK293 cells. The specific immune response reached its peak at 4-week post first immunization, then decreased. SIV Env specific cellular immune response and SIV gp120 specific antibody could be detected at 4-16 weeks post first immunization. The specific cellular response was significant stronger in heterologous immunization group than homologous group at 4 week and 16 week. Furthermore, heterologous immunization induced significant higher titer of SIV gp120 antibody at 4 week than homologous group.Conclusions:Specific immune response induced by rAd5F35-SIVenvT in combination with rMVA-SIVenvT was stronger than homologous vector immunization. The results provided references for further study in nonhuman primates.
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Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction for pediatric acute intussusception.Methods:One thousand eight hundred and thirty patients with acute intussusception diagnosed by ultrasound in Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from September 2017 to July 2020 were treated with ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction method. The therapeutic effects, complications and ultrasonic features were observed.Results:Among 1 830 cases, 1 791 cases were diagnosed as primary intussusception, and 39 cases were secondary intussusception. The overall rate of successful ultrasound enema reduction were 1 780/1 830(93.7%) patients. All 50/1 830(2.7%) patients underwent surgery after unsuccessful enema reduction, including 42 cases of primary intussusception, and 8 cases of secondary intussusception. The complication of intestinal perforation occurred in 3 cases (0.16%), and there were no deaths.Conclusions:Ultrasound-guided enema reduction for pediatric acute intussusception is an effective and safe method without radiation exposure, and can be used as the preferred method for non-operative treatment of intussusception.
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Objective:Through comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the quality of Liuwei Dihuang （LWDH） preparations from different manufacturers and combining factors such as production technology， the key factors in the quality control of LWDH preparations are explored to provide a reference for improving the quality control level of LWDH preparations. Method:Morroniside， loganin and paeonol as quality control markers of LWDH products were determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， the mobile phase was acetonitrile （A） -0.3% phosphoric acid aqueous solution （B） for gradient elution （0-5 min， 5%-8%A； 5-20 min， 8%A； 20-35 min， 8%-20%A； 35-45 min， 20%-60%A； 45-55 min， 60%A）， the detection wavelength of paeonol was at 274 nm， and the detection wavelengths of morroniside and loganin were at 240 nm. The quality characteristics of LWDH preparations with different dosage forms （big candied pills， water-honeyed pills， concentrated pills， hard capsules and soft capsules） from different manufacturers were analyzed. Combined these results with their actual production processes， the key-points of quality control in the whole production process were discussed. Result:The contents of three index ingredients in 128 batches of LWDH preparations were all in conformity with the standards of the 2015 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic>， however， the content limit of some dosage forms in the current standard was unreasonable. For example， although the daily dose of crude drugs for big candied pills were almost twice the dose of water- honeyed pills （15.00， 8.57 g， respectively）， they got exactly the same daily limits of the contents for both the quality markers. What′s more， these two formulations had the same process， so the differences between the process obviously could not be the reason of these differences. Conclusion:It is recommended that for the products with different dosage forms should have a similar content limits， if there are no obvious distinctions between their production processes. Which may benefit the quality control of the products with multi-dosage forms. The research on the quality standards of proprietary Chinese medicines should deeply study the existing characteristics of the quality standards， and fully respect the laws of the quality attributes of traditional Chinese medicines and the rules of the production process of Chinese patent medicines.
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Objective:To evaluate the effects of slow breathing training on hypertension. Methods:Articles about slow breathing training for hypertension were retrieved from CNKI, Wangfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science, until March, 2021. The authors, publishing time, subjects, interventions and courses, and outcome indexes and conclusion were extracted. Results:There were 924 articles returned, and 35 included, which published mainly from 2009 to 2020. The subjects were patients with hypertension, and the outcome index was blood pressure. Conclusion:Slow breathing training may work for hypertension, which associates to baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, sympathetic nerve activity and cardiopulmonary diastolic receptors.
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【Objective】 To explore the difference of Hemorheological characteristics and the oxygen content of tissue on different levels of hemoglobin(Hb) which were from Tibetan plateau. 【Methods】 Volunteers with different Hb levels living in Tibetan plateau and normal Hb levels living in plain were selected and divided into 4 groups according to their source areas and different Hb levels. Group A was set as the control group, while B、C and D were set as the experimental group. In group A, 25 cases, who were required to live in plateau with Hb [male: (120~185)g·L-1, female: (115~165)g·L-1]. Group B: 17 cases, required habitat plateau with Hb [male: (185~210)g·L-1, female: (165~190)g·L-1]. In group C, 13 cases, who were required to live in plateau with Hb (male: >210 g·L-1, female: >190 g·L-1). Group D: 25 cases, who were required to live in plain with Hb [male: (120~185)g·L-1, female: (115~165)g·L-1]. 10mL of Venous blood was collected from each case, these blood samples were be tested for blood routine, hemorheology, tissue oxygen supply index, coagulation function and ATP content in erythrocyte, P50, 2, 3-DPG. 【Results】 Compared with group A, erythrocyte deformability index(TK) of group C decreased (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between group B and D (P>0.05). Compared with group A, the blood shear rate 1 s-1, 5 s-1, and 200 s-1 of tissue oxygen supply index of group C decreased (P<0.05), the blood shear rate 50 s-1, 100 s-1 and 200 s-1of tissue oxygen supply index of group D increased (P<0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the blood shear rate 1 s-1, 5 s-1, 50 s-1, 100 s-1 and 200 s-1of tissue oxygen supply index of group B (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in ATP, P50 and 2, 3-DPG of red blood cells among all groups(P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 In the plateau population, The tissue oxygen supply in patient with polycythemia was significantly lower than the people with normal Hb level. The tissue oxygen supply in the plain normal population was significantly higher than that in the plateau normal population.
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Objective:To explore the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on upper limb motor function in hemiplegic patients after stroke. Methods:From August, 2018 to July, 2019, 60 patients with hemiplegia after stroke were randomly divided into control group (n = 30) and observation group (n = 30). Both groups received conventional treatment. The observation group accepted 5 Hz rTMS to ipsilesional hemisphere premotor areas for three weeks. The control group received sham stimulation. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Brunnstrom stages, modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), modified Barthel Index (MBI) and Wolf Motor Function Test before and after treatment. Results:Two patients dropped in the control group. After treatment, the scores of FMA-UE, MBI and Wolf Motor Function Test improved in both groups (|t| > 3.686, P < 0.01), and the difference values of FMA-UE and Wolf Motor Function Test before and after treatment were more in the observation group than in the control group (|t| > 2.119, P < 0.05). Conclusion:High-frequency rTMS to ipsilesional hemisphere premotor areas could improve the recovery of upper limb and hand motor function in hemiplegic patients after stroke.
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Objectives@#The aims of this study were to assess the associations between parity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components and to evaluate the effects of body mass index (BMI) on these associations.@*Methods@#A total of 5,674 women were enrolled from Jidong and Kailuan communities (Tangshan, Hebei) in Northern China. All participants completed standardized questionnaires, physical examination, and biochemical measurements. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the associations.@*Results@#Compared with women with parity of one, nulliparous women had decreased odds ratios ( s ); those with parity of two had odds of abdominal obesity [ = 1.45, 95% confidence interval ( ) 1.17-1.81, < 0.001], high blood pressure ( = 1.26, 95% 1.03-1.54, = 0.025), elevated fasting glucose levels ( = 1.36, 95% 1.03-1.79, = 0.029), and MetS ( = 1.39, 95% 1.13-1.73, = 0.002); and those with parity of three or more had increased odds of elevated triglyceride levels ( = 1.42, 95% 1.04-1.94, = 0.027) and MetS ( = 1.50, 95% 1.10-2.05, = 0.011) after complete adjustment for confounders. Furthermore, BMI and age subgroups partially modified the associations between parity and MetS and its components.@*Conclusions@#Parity is positively associated with MetS and select components in women. BMI is an important modifier involved in the associations between parity and MetS.
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Blastocystis hominis is a common parasitic protozoa in human and animal intestines; however, its pathogenicity remains controversial. Construction of animal models is of great significance to investigate the pathogenicity, pathogenic mechanisms and drug screening of B. hominis. Experimental animals, mode of infections, parasite strains and host immune status are important factors affecting the successful modeling of B. hominis infections in animals. Hereby, we review the progress of researches on animal models of B. hominis infections, and summarize the influencing factors and application of animal models of B. hominis infections, in order to provides insights into the selection of animals models of B. hominis infections.
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Blastocystis hominis is a parasite that parasitizes in the intestines of humans and animals, and is closely related to a variety of gastrointestinal diseases such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. B. hominis is distributed worldwide, and the prevalence of B. hominis infections and dominant subgenotypes vary in countries and in regions from the same country. This paper reviews the global prevalence of B. hominis human infections, its subtypes and geographical distribution, so as to provide insights into the understanding of the global epidemiology of B. hominis and the management of B. hominis infections.
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Objective:To study the effect of chair inclination angles forward on sit-to-stand time and muscle activation of lower extremities in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Methods:From January to August, 2019, 15 stroke patients with hemiplegia finished five times sit-to-stand at seat slope 0°, 10° and 20° forward. The time, and surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals of rectus femoris, hamstrings, anterior tibialis and peroneus muscle were recorded. Results:The total EMG peak, root mean square and integrated electromyography (iEMG) of all the muscles decreased at seat slope 10° and 20° forward compared with those at 0° (F > 4.530, P < 0.05). The time decreased at seat slope 20° forward compared with that at 0° (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Seat inclination forward at some angles may improve the sit-to-stand performance in stroke patients with hemiplegia.
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Swiprosin-1 (also known as EFhd2) is one of the earliest adaptor proteins found in T lymphocytes. Subsequent studies have found that it is also expressed on macrophages, B lymphocytes, mast cells and other immune cells, and affects the activation, migration, apoptosis and inflammatory response of immune cells, and participates in many signaling pathways 9uch as NF-kB, JAK-STAT, MAPK and calcium signaling. This arti cle briefly reviews the role and mechanism of EFhd2 reported in the regulation of immune inflammatory response in recent years, and provides a theoretical basis for further clarifying EFhd2 as a potential target for new immune regulation.
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Objective: To estimate the overall quality characteristics of Zhenqi Fuzheng granules (ZQFZ),which were composed of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and Astragali Radix and collected from different manufacturers (their final preparations included two types,contained sugar and sugar free) by established HPLC methods,in order to propose an appropriate quality-control strategy for promoting the quality control specification of ZQFZ.Method: The quantification of the 6 components (rhodioloside,calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside,specnuezhenide,ononin,calycosin and astragaloside IV) were performed on a C18 column with two chromatographic systems.Chromatographic system Ⅰ:methanol and water were adopted as mobile phase with gradient elution,the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1,and optimum detection waves were at 224,250 and 275 nm respectively.Chromatographic system Ⅱ:methanol and water (80:20) were adopted as mobile phase with gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1,and the detector parameters were set as follows:the drift tube temperature was 75℃,and the carrier gas flow rate was 1.5 L·min-1.Both column temperatures were at 30℃.All of the 80 batches of ZQFZ from different manufacturers were determined and analyzed.Result: All of the six markers could be detected in 80 batches of ZQFZ,but their contents were quite different.The results of the one-way ANOVA showed significant differences between manufacturer 4 and other three manufacturers in sugar-containing preparations (P PConclusion: It is of great significance to increase relevant quality control markers of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in ZQFZ,such as rhodioloside and specnuezhenide,for standardizing production and improving quality level.
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Objective@#To investigate current status and associated factors of preschool children’s physical fitness, in order to provide scientific basis for improving preschool children’s physical fitness.@*Methods@#A total of 3 240 preschool children aged 3-6 years old in Kunshan city were selected through cluster sampling method. They were surveyed about physical fitness and influencing factors.@*Results@#The number of excellence of preschool children’s physical fitness was 269, and the rate was 8.30 percent. The excellence rates of preschool children’s physical fitness in girls, high grade, non-residency in Jiangsu Province were higher(10.87%, 10.96%, 14.88%), and the excellence rate of preschool children’s physical fitness in premature group was lower(4.31%)(P<0.05). Further unconditioned logistic regression analysis found that girls, middle and high grade and non-residency in Jiangsu Province were the protective factors for the excellence of preschool children’s physical fitness, OR values were 1.96, 1.94, 2.45 and 1.87, respectively; premature was a risk factor for the excellence of preschool children’s physical fitness, OR value was 0.47.@*Conclusion@#Preschool children in Kunshan have poor physical fitness, especially in boys, low grade and premature groups. Education department and health department should work together to improve the preschool children’s physical fitness.
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Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in patients with acne.Methods A total of 300 patients with acne were enrolled from the Department of Dermatology,Affiliated Hospital of Southwestern Medical University from January 2017 to June 2018.Questionnaire survey was conducted among these patients to evaluate their depression status with the PHQ-9 and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD),and the questionnaire completion time was recorded.The structured clinical interview (SCID) for American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Version) (DSM-Ⅳ) served as the "gold standard" for diagnosis of depression.Reliability analysis of the PHQ-9 was performed using the Cronbach's α coefficient and one-week testretest reliability.Factor analysis,Spearman correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for validity analysis of the PHQ-9,and the screening validity was also analyzed in different subgroups.Results A total of 258 patients with acne completed all the survey,and 47 were diagnosed with depressive disorder according to the diagnostic gold standard SCID.An optimal cutoff score of 9 was determined for the diagnosis of depression using the PHQ-9,with a sensitivity of 95.7％,a specificity of 88.6％,and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.973 (95％ CI:0.956-0.990).In different groups of people,the AUC ranged from 0.886 to 0.955.Validity analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between the total score of PHQ-9 and HAMD was 0.766,and the kappa value was 0.530.Factor analysis revealed that there were two common factors (cognitive-emotion factor and somatic symptom factor),which explained 65.52％ of the total variances.As reliability analysis showed,the Cronbach's α coefficient of the PHQ-9 was 0.851,the correlation coefficients of the 9 items with the total scale score ranged from 0.550 to 0.709,the inter-item correlation coefficients ranged from 0.224 to 0.654,and the test-retest reliability value of the PHQ-9 was 0.824.The time to complete the PHQ-9 (4.9 ± 1.2minutes) was significantly less than the time to complete HAMD (44.2 ± 5.9 minutes;t =108.787,P ＜0.001).Conclusions The PHQ-9 shows good reliability and validity for the diagnosis of depression in patients with acne,and can be used for preliminary screening of depression in patients with acne.Compared with the HAMD,the PHQ-9 has obvious advantages of being more timesaving and manpower-saving to make it easier to implement in clinic.
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Objective To study the effects of the serum Nesfatin-1 level change by type 2 diabetes in patients with Non-alcoholic fatty liver,and provides a reliable basis for its prysiological effects.Methods Selected 300 cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus in deoartment of endocrinology from January 2014 to January 2016 in Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University as the object of this study.According to whether the patients were combined with non-alcoholic fatty liver,the patients were divided into T2DM with NAFLD group (150 cases) and T2DM without NAFLD group (150 cases).In addition,150 volunteers for healthy check-up in the hospital were selected as control group.Compared the serum Nesfatin-1 levels of three group patients,and monitored the insulin resistance index of two groups patients with type 2 diabetes.Results BMI,TG,ALT and INS of NGT(23.1±1.9,1.7±0.5,26.9±12.7 and 9.7±2.4,respectively) group and T2DM (22.1±2.5,2.0± 0.9,22.1 ± 10.5 and 11.2± 4.5,respectively) group were significantly lower than those of T2DM-NAFLD group (26.5 ± 3.8,3.0± 2.5,31.9 ± 11.5 and 14.2 ± 6.5;all P value were 0.00).FBG,HbAlc,LDL-C,HOMA-IR and Nesfatin-1 of T2DM group (8.4±3.1,8.8±2.7,3.4±1.0,4.5±2.9 and 6.9±3.0) and T2DM-NAFLD group (8.2±2.7,8.5± 1.9,3.7 ± 2.1,5.2 ± 2.7 and 5.2 ± 2.7) were significantly higher than those in serum NGT group (5.1 ± 0.5,5.4 ± 0.4,2.7 ±0.8,2.7±0.8 and 2.3± 0.7,all P value were 0.00).The serum Nesfatin-1 levels of T2DM patients and patients with T2DM-NAFLD had moderate correlation (r=-0.421,P＜0.05) by Pearson correlation analysis.BMI,TG and serum Nesfatin-1 levels were closely associated with the occurrence of fatty liver (r=-0.402 ～ 0.273;P=0.00 ～ 0.01).Conclusion Nesfatin-1 may be involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver.
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Objective To provide a basis to satisfy the need for family planning of women of reproductive age,according to the analysis and estimation of family planning status of married or in union women of reproductive age among China,Japan,India,South Africa and the United States of America.Methods U test and Chi-square test were applied to analyze the current situation (1970-2016) and tendency (2017-2030) of family planning indicators of the five countries from 1970 to 2030,which were selected from open database of World Contraceptive Use 2016.Results Compared with the family planning status in 1970,there was a significant change in total demand for family planning,contraceptive prevalence and unmet need for family planning (P＜0.001).To be specific,in 2016,contraceptive prevalence of married or in-union women of reproductive age in China,Japan,India,South Africa and the United States of America was 83.35％,59.9％,56.4％,64.9％ and 73.7％,respectively;unmet need for family planning was 3.8％,13.1％,15.5％,12.2％ and 7.2％,respectively.Besides,contraceptive methods composition in the five countries were changed in 2016 (P＜0.001) and the prevalence of modern methods was higher than traditional methods.Meanwhile,the percentage of demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods were increasing from 1970 to 2016.On the other hand,the projections of total demand for family planning,contraceptive prevalence,unmet need for family planning,composition of contraceptive methods and unmet need for modern methods would change from 2017 to 2030 (P＜0.001).It was estimated that,in 2030,China would have the largest number of people using contraceptive methods and India would have the largest number of people with unmet need for family planning.Moreover,China and India might be the countries with most users of modern methods,and India might be associated with the most users of traditional methods.Conclusions Considering current and projected status of huge total demand for family planning,high contraceptive prevalence,low unmet need for family planning,it is essential to supply approximate contraceptive methods.
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This study is to investigate the effect of antidepressant medicine prescription Dingzhi Xiaowan (DZ) on miR-16 expression levels in vitro and in vivo, and to explore the mechanism of DZ elevated levels of 5-HT from the perspective of post transcriptional regulation. Firstly, a chronic unpredictable mild moderate stimulation (CUMS) combined with solitary rising depression rat model was established, the behavior changes were detected after different doses of DZ (600, 300, 150 mg·kg⁻¹) given for 3 weeks, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect 5-HT level in hippocampal, PCR method was used to observe the effect of DZ on the expression of SERT mRNA and miR-16 in hippocampus of CUMS rat. The effects of DZ (10, 100, 200, 500 mg·L⁻¹) on the expression of miR-16 and SERT mRNA in the cell model induced by miR-16 silencing and corticosterone or glutamate injury were observed in primary cultured hippocampal neurons of rats in vitro. It was found that 300 mg·kg⁻¹ and 600 mg·kg⁻¹ DZ could significantly improve the behavioral score of CUMS rats, increase the level of 5-HT in hippocampus, and increase the expression of miR-16 and decrease the expression of SERT in the hippocampus of rats. At the same time, in primary cultured hippocampal neurons, 100, 200, 500 mg·L⁻¹ of DZ could significantly increase the expression level of miR-16 in miR-16 silencing and corticosterone or glutamate injury cell model, and decrease the expression level of SERT significantly. So DZ could inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT by inhibiting the expression of SERT by up regulating the expression level of miR-16, and finally increase the level of 5-HT in the brain and exert antidepressant effect.